Chapter 4

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. The Subject
3. The Structure of the Complementizer: Interrogative, Relative Clauses, and Aspects of Subordination
4. The Object
5. The Auxiliary
6. Negation and Adverbs
7. Aspectual and Modal Structures
8. The Noun Phrase
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4.1. The nature of clitic positions

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4.1.1. Internal structure of clitics

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4.1.2. Characterization of "si"

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Casaccia (2 examples)
> Olivone (1 example)

4.2. The order of the clitic string with respect to impersonal/reflexive

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Acerenza (1 example)
> Adrara S.Rocco (1 example)
> Agliano (1 example)
> Agnone (1 example)
> Aidone (1 example)
> Airole (1 example)
> Albidona (1 example)
> Alfonsine (1 example)
> Amandola (1 example)
> Amendolara (1 example)
> Antona (1 example)
> Arena (1 example)
> Ariano Polesine (1 example)
> Arquata Scrivia (1 example)
> Avigliano Umbro (1 example)
> Bagolino (1 example)
> Bedizzano (1 example)
> Bellona (1 example)
> Belmonte Mezzagno (1 example)
> Bitetto (1 example)
> Borghetto di Vara (1 example)
> Borghetto Lodigiano (1 example)
> Borgo Velino (1 example)
> Bormio (1 example)
> Calascibetta (1 example)
> Camerota (1 example)
> Campli (1 example)
> Campodolcino (1 example)
> Cantoira (1 example)
> Carmiano (1 example)
> Carrara (1 example)
> Casaccia (1 example)
> Castellinaldo (1 example)
> Castelsardo (1 example)
> Castiglione d'Adda (1 example)
> Cataeggio (1 example)
> Cavergno (1 example)
> Celle di Bulgheria (1 example)
> Celle S.Vito (1 example)
> Cersosimo (1 example)
> Chiesa Val Malenco (1 example)
> Chioggia (1 example)
> Cicognolo (1 example)
> Cirò Marina (1 example)
> Civate (1 example)
> Coimo Val Vigezzo (1 example)
> Colle S.Lucia (1 example)
> Colobraro (1 example)
> Colonnata (1 example)
> Comacchio (1 example)
> Comeglians (1 example)
> Como (1 example)
> Conflenti (1 example)
> Contursi (1 example)
> Copertino (1 example)
> Corte (1 example)
> Dego (1 example)
> Dorgali (1 example)
> Felizzano (1 example)
> Figarella (1 example)
> Filattiera (1 example)
> Filottrano (1 example)
> Finale Emilia (1 example)
> Firenze (1 example)
> Fontane (1 example)
> Fontanigorda (1 example)
> Forni di Sotto (1 example)
> Forno Valle Strona (1 example)
> Galtellì (1 example)
> Garessio (1 example)
> Giffoni (1 example)
> Gizzeria (1 example)
> Grumello del Monte (1 example)
> Iacurso (1 example)
> Incudine (1 example)
> Inveruno (1 example)
> Ittiri (1 example)
> Laconi (1 example)
> Laino Borgo (1 example)
> Lessolo (1 example)
> Livo (1 example)
> Luras (1 example)
> Macà (1 example)
> Marsala (1 example)
> Martignana Po (1 example)
> Martina Franca (1 example)
> Marzano Appio (1 example)
> Mascioni (1 example)
> Masi Torello (1 example)
> Masserano (1 example)
> Mercatello sul Metauro (1 example)
> Mercato Saraceno (1 example)
> Minervino Murge (1 example)
> Modena (1 example)
> Modica (1 example)
> Moncalvo (1 example)
> Montaldo (1 example)
> Montalto Uffugo (1 example)
> Montebello Ionico (1 example)
> Montebruno (1 example)
> Monteguiduccio (1 example)
> Monteparano (1 example)
> Monterosso Calabro (1 example)
> Montjovet (1 example)
> Morano Calabro (1 example)
> Munacia (1 example)
> Müstair (1 example)
> Nocara (1 example)
> Odolo (1 example)
> Olgiate Molgora (1 example)
> Olivetta S.Michele (1 example)
> Olivone (1 example)
> Orsomarso (1 example)
> Oviglio (1 example)
> Pagnona (1 example)
> Pallare (1 example)
> Passirano (1 example)
> Pescul (1 example)
> Piana Crixia (1 example)
> Pigna (1 example)
> Pinzano al Tagliamento (1 example)
> Piobbico (1 example)
> Platania (1 example)
> Pomaretto (1 example)
> Pozzaglio (1 example)
> Premana (1 example)
> Revere (1 example)
> Ripacandida (1 example)
> Roccasicura (1 example)
> Rocchetta Nervina (1 example)
> Ro Ferrarese (1 example)
> Rontagnano (1 example)
> Rotondella (1 example)
> Ruvo di Puglia (1 example)
> S.Agata Feltria (1 example)
> Saline Ioniche (1 example)
> S.Angelo Lodigiano (1 example)
> Sartè (1 example)
> Sassari (1 example)
> Sassello (1 example)
> S.Bartolomeo Pesio (1 example)
> S.Bartolomeo Val Cavargna (1 example)
> S.Bellino (1 example)
> S.Benedetto Po (1 example)
> Scicli Donnalucata (1 example)
> Scuol (1 example)
> Secinaro (1 example)
> Seminara (1 example)
> Senise (1 example)
> Sent (1 example)
> S.Fedele Intelvi (1 example)
> S.Fili (1 example)
> S.Fratello (1 example)
> S.Giorgio della Richinvelda (1 example)
> S.Giorgio del Sannio (1 example)
> Siniscola (1 example)
> S.Marco Argentano (1 example)
> S.Marco d'Alunzio (1 example)
> S.Maria a Vico (1 example)
> S.Maria Maggiore (1 example)
> S.Maria Val Calanca (1 example)
> S.Mauro Pascoli (1 example)
> S.Nazzaro Sesia (1 example)
> S.Nicolao (1 example)
> Soazza (1 example)
> Soglio (1 example)
> Solbiate Arno (1 example)
> Sonnino (1 example)
> S.Pietro a Maida (1 example)
> S.Pietro in Campiano (1 example)
> S.Pietro in Casale (1 example)
> S.Teresa di Gallura (1 example)
> Stienta (1 example)
> S.Vittore (1 example)
> Tavullia (1 example)
> Tempio Pausania (1 example)
> Teramo (1 example)
> Terranova Pollino (1 example)
> Travesio (1 example)
> Trepalle Livigno (1 example)
> Tresivio (1 example)
> Trinità d'Agultu (1 example)
> Tuenno (1 example)
> Urbania (1 example)
> Urbino Torre S.Tommaso (1 example)
> Vagli Sopra (1 example)
> Varese Ligure (1 example)
> Vedriano (1 example)
> Velo Veronese (1 example)
> Vezza d'Oglio (1 example)
> Vezzano sul Crostolo (1 example)
> Viano (1 example)
> Viguzzolo (1 example)
> Villa di Chiavenna (1 example)
> Villadoro (1 example)
> Villareggia (1 example)
> Vito d'Asio (1 example)
> Zernez (1 example)
> Zoldo Alto (1 example)
> Zonza (1 example)

4.2.1. Analysis of the data

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Adrara S.Rocco (1 example)
> Cantoira (1 example)
> Casaccia (1 example)
> Castellinaldo (2 examples)
> Castiglione d'Adda (1 example)
> Coazze (1 example)
> Colle S.Lucia (1 example)
> Comeglians (1 example)
> Corte (1 example)
> Cortemilia (1 example)
> Dego (1 example)
> Finale Emilia (1 example)
> Forni di Sotto (1 example)
> Grumello del Monte (1 example)
> Mezzenile (1 example)
> Moncalvo (1 example)
> Montjovet (1 example)
> Müstair (1 example)
> Pescul (1 example)
> Piana Crixia (1 example)
> Pinzano al Tagliamento (1 example)
> Pozzaglio (1 example)
> Ro Ferrarese (1 example)
> Scuol (1 example)
> Sent (1 example)
> Soglio (1 example)
> Travesio (1 example)
> Velo Veronese (1 example)
> Viguzzolo (1 example)
> Villa di Chiavenna (1 example)
> Zernez (1 example)

4.2.2. Differences in the distribution of impersonal "si" and reflexive "si"

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> Borgomanero (1 example)
> Cerano (1 example)
> Colfosco (1 example)
> Donat (1 example)
> Galliate (1 example)
> Incudine (1 example)
> La Pli de Mareo (1 example)
> Mustèr Disentis (1 example)
> Quarna Sotto (1 example)
> Romentino (1 example)
> Sarre (1 example)
> Trecate (1 example)
> Vezza d'Oglio (1 example)

4.3. Systems of reflexive inflection

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Accettura (1 example)
> Acerenza (1 example)
> Adrara S.Rocco (1 example)
> Agazzano (1 example)
> Agnone (1 example)
> Aidone (1 example)
> Airole (1 example)
> Ala di Stura (1 example)
> Albano di Lucania (1 example)
> Albidona (1 example)
> Alessandria del Carretto (1 example)
> Alfonsine (1 example)
> Aliano (1 example)
> Allai (1 example)
> Amandola (1 example)
> Amendolara (1 example)
> Antona (1 example)
> Arconate (1 example)
> Ardauli (1 example)
> Arena (1 example)
> Arquata Scrivia (1 example)
> Arzachena (1 example)
> Avigliano Umbro (1 example)
> Bagolino (1 example)
> Barcis (1 example)
> Bastia (1 example)
> Bedizzano (1 example)
> Bellona (1 example)
> Belmonte Mezzagno (1 example)
> Belvì (1 example)
> Bitetto (1 example)
> Boccioleto (1 example)
> Borbona (1 example)
> Borghetto Lodigiano (1 example)
> Borgo di Terzo (1 example)
> Borgomanero (1 example)
> Borgorose Spedino (1 example)
> Borgo Velino (1 example)
> Bormio (1 example)
> Borno (1 example)
> Breme (1 example)
> Briga Novarese (1 example)
> Buggio (1 example)
> Cadero (1 example)
> Calascibetta (1 example)
> Camerota (1 example)
> Campli (1 example)
> Campodolcino (1 example)
> Camporeale (1 example)
> Cantoira (1 example)
> Carmiano (1 example)
> Carrara (1 example)
> Casaccia (1 example)
> Casei Gerola (1 example)
> Casorezzo (1 example)
> Castelguglielmo (1 example)
> Castellazzo Bormida (1 example)
> Castelletto Merli (1 example)
> Castellinaldo (1 example)
> Castelvecchio Subequo (1 example)
> Castiglione d'Adda (1 example)
> Cataeggio (1 example)
> Catenanuova (1 example)
> Cavergno (1 example)
> Cazzano di Tramigna (1 example)
> Celle di Bulgheria (1 example)
> Celle S.Vito (1 example)
> Cerano (1 example)
> Cersosimo (1 example)
> Cervicati (1 example)
> Chiesa Val Malenco (1 example)
> Chioggia (1 example)
> Cicognolo (1 example)
> Cirò Marina (1 example)
> Civate (1 example)
> Coazze (1 example)
> Coimo Val Vigezzo (1 example)
> Colfosco (1 example)
> Colle S.Lucia (1 example)
> Colobraro (1 example)
> Colonnata (1 example)
> Comacchio (1 example)
> Comeglians (1 example)
> Como (1 example)
> Contursi (1 example)
> Copertino (1 example)
> Corte (1 example)
> Cortemilia (1 example)
> Cravagliana (1 example)
> Cuneo (1 example)
> Davoli (1 example)
> Dego (1 example)
> Donat (1 example)
> Dorgali (1 example)
> Dronero (1 example)
> Faeto (1 example)
> Fara Novarese (1 example)
> Felizzano (1 example)
> Figarella (1 example)
> Filattiera (1 example)
> Filottrano (1 example)
> Finale Emilia (1 example)
> Foggia (1 example)
> Fontane (1 example)
> Fontanigorda (1 example)
> Forlì (1 example)
> Forni di Sopra (1 example)
> Forni di Sotto (1 example)
> Forno Valle Strona (1 example)
> Frigento (1 example)
> Fuorns (1 example)
> Galliate (1 example)
> Gallo Matese (1 example)
> Galtellì (1 example)
> Garessio (1 example)
> Gavoi (1 example)
> Gerace (1 example)
> Giffoni (1 example)
> Gizzeria (1 example)
> Gorfigliano (1 example)
> Gravina (1 example)
> Grumello del Monte (1 example)
> Guardia Piemontese (1 example)
> Iacurso (1 example)
> Inveruno (1 example)
> Ittiri (1 example)
> Laconi (1 example)
> Laino Borgo (1 example)
> La Pli de Mareo (1 example)
> Lecce (1 example)
> Leonforte (1 example)
> Lessolo (1 example)
> Livo (1 example)
> Luras (1 example)
> Macà (1 example)
> Maglie (1 example)
> Mandello (1 example)
> Margarita (1 example)
> Marsala (1 example)
> Martina Franca (1 example)
> Martirano (1 example)
> Marzano Appio (1 example)
> Mascioni (1 example)
> Masi Torello (1 example)
> Masserano (1 example)
> Mercatello sul Metauro (1 example)
> Mercato Saraceno (1 example)
> Mesagne (1 example)
> Mezzenile (1 example)
> Miglionico (1 example)
> Minervino Murge (1 example)
> Modica (1 example)
> Molfetta (1 example)
> Molina di Ledro (1 example)
> Mombercelli (1 example)
> Moncalvo (1 example)
> Montaldo (1 example)
> Montalto Uffugo (1 example)
> Montebello Ionico (1 example)
> Montebruno (1 example)
> Monteguiduccio (1 example)
> Montemilone (1 example)
> Monteparano (1 example)
> Montereale Valcellina (1 example)
> Monterosso Calabro (1 example)
> Montjovet (1 example)
> Morano Calabro (1 example)
> Morcone (1 example)
> Mulegns (1 example)
> Munacia (1 example)
> Müstair (1 example)
> Mustèr Disentis (1 example)
> Nicola (1 example)
> Nocara (1 example)
> Nociglia (1 example)
> Odolo (1 example)
> Olgiate Molgora (1 example)
> Olivetta S.Michele (1 example)
> Olivone (1 example)
> Oriolo (1 example)
> Orroli (1 example)
> Orsara di Puglia (1 example)
> Orsomarso (1 example)
> Ortezzano (1 example)
> Ortonovo (1 example)
> Oviglio (1 example)
> Pagnona (1 example)
> Pallare (1 example)
> Passirano (1 example)
> Paulilatino (1 example)
> Pennabilli (1 example)
> Pescocostanzo (1 example)
> Pescul (1 example)
> Piana Crixia (1 example)
> Pigna (1 example)
> Pinzano al Tagliamento (1 example)
> Piobbico (1 example)
> Piverone (1 example)
> Platania (1 example)
> Pomaretto (1 example)
> Pontecorvo (1 example)
> Popoli (1 example)
> Pozzaglio (1 example)
> Pozzuoli (1 example)
> Prali (1 example)
> Pramollo (1 example)
> Premana (1 example)
> Quarna Sopra (1 example)
> Quarna Sotto (1 example)
> Rende (1 example)
> Revere (1 example)
> Ripacandida (1 example)
> Rocca Imperiale (1 example)
> Rocchetta Nervina (1 example)
> Ro Ferrarese (1 example)
> Roggio (1 example)
> Romentino (1 example)
> Rontagnano (1 example)
> Rotondella (1 example)
> Ruinas (2 examples)
> Ruvo di Puglia (1 example)
> S.Agata del Bianco (1 example)
> S.Agata Feltria (1 example)
> Saguedo (1 example)
> Saline Ioniche (1 example)
> S.Angelo Lodigiano (1 example)
> Sarre (1 example)
> Sartè (1 example)
> Sartirana Lomellina (1 example)
> Sassari (1 example)
> Sassello (1 example)
> S.Bartolomeo Pesio (1 example)
> S.Bartolomeo Val Cavargna (1 example)
> S.Bellino (1 example)
> S.Benedetto Po (1 example)
> Scuol (1 example)
> Secinaro (1 example)
> Selva Val Gardena (1 example)
> Seminara (1 example)
> Semione (1 example)
> Senise (1 example)
> Sent (1 example)
> Serole (1 example)
> Settimo S.Pietro (1 example)
> S.Fedele Intelvi (1 example)
> S.Fili (1 example)
> S.Fratello (1 example)
> S.Giorgio della Richinvelda (1 example)
> S.Giorgio del Sannio (1 example)
> S.Gregorio Matese (1 example)
> Sief (1 example)
> Siliqua (1 example)
> Siniscola (1 example)
> S.Lorenzo del Vallo (1 example)
> S.Marco Argentano (1 example)
> S.Marco d'Alunzio (1 example)
> S.Marco dei Cavoti (1 example)
> S.Maria Maggiore (1 example)
> S.Maria Val Calanca (1 example)
> S.Mauro Pascoli (1 example)
> S.Nazzaro Sesia (1 example)
> Soazza (1 example)
> Soglio (1 example)
> Solbiate Arno (1 example)
> Sonnino (1 example)
> Sonogno (1 example)
> S.Pietro a Maida (1 example)
> S.Pietro in Campiano (1 example)
> S.Pietro in Casale (1 example)
> S.Pietro Valle Grana (1 example)
> Spigno Monferrato (1 example)
> S.Teresa di Gallura (1 example)
> Stigliano (1 example)
> Strozza Valle Imagna (1 example)
> Sutera (1 example)
> S.Vittore (1 example)
> Tavullia (1 example)
> Tempio Pausania (1 example)
> Terranova Pollino (1 example)
> Tetti (1 example)
> Tito (1 example)
> Torre Orsaia (1 example)
> Torricella Peligna (1 example)
> Traves (1 example)
> Travesio (1 example)
> Trecate (1 example)
> Trepalle Livigno (1 example)
> Tresivio (1 example)
> Trinità d'Agultu (1 example)
> Trun (1 example)
> Tuenno (1 example)
> Umbriatico (1 example)
> Vaglio Basilicata (1 example)
> Vagli Sopra (1 example)
> Valsinni (1 example)
> Varese (1 example)
> Varese Ligure (1 example)
> Vedriano (1 example)
> Velo Veronese (1 example)
> Venosa (1 example)
> Verbicaro (1 example)
> Vezza d'Oglio (1 example)
> Vezzano sul Crostolo (1 example)
> Viano (1 example)
> Viguzzolo (1 example)
> Villa di Chiavenna (1 example)
> Villadoro (1 example)
> Villapriolo (1 example)
> Villareggia (1 example)
> Vito d'Asio (1 example)
> Zernez (1 example)
> Zillis Ziran (1 example)
> Zoldo Alto (1 example)
> Zonza (1 example)

4.3.1. Distribution of 1/2p "si" in non-reflexive constructions

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> Adrara S.Rocco (1 example)
> Agazzano (1 example)
> Airole (1 example)
> Ala di Stura (1 example)
> Albidona (1 example)
> Alessandria del Carretto (1 example)
> Alfonsine (1 example)
> Antona (1 example)
> Arconate (1 example)
> Arquata Scrivia (1 example)
> Bedizzano (1 example)
> Boccioleto (1 example)
> Borghetto di Vara (1 example)
> Borghetto Lodigiano (1 example)
> Borgomanero (1 example)
> Bormio (1 example)
> Breme (1 example)
> Buggio (1 example)
> Cadero (1 example)
> Carrara (1 example)
> Casaccia (1 example)
> Casorezzo (1 example)
> Castelletto Merli (1 example)
> Castiglione d'Adda (1 example)
> Celle S.Vito (1 example)
> Chioggia (1 example)
> Civate (1 example)
> Coazze (1 example)
> Colfosco (1 example)
> Colle S.Lucia (1 example)
> Colobraro (1 example)
> Colonnata (1 example)
> Comacchio (1 example)
> Comeglians (1 example)
> Corte (1 example)
> Dego (1 example)
> Donat (1 example)
> Filattiera (1 example)
> Finale Emilia (1 example)
> Fontane (1 example)
> Fontanigorda (1 example)
> Forni di Sopra (1 example)
> Forni di Sotto (1 example)
> Garessio (1 example)
> Grumello del Monte (1 example)
> Laconi (1 example)
> La Pli de Mareo (1 example)
> Margarita (1 example)
> Marsala (1 example)
> Masi Torello (1 example)
> Masserano (1 example)
> Mezzenile (1 example)
> Modena (1 example)
> Montaldo (1 example)
> Montebruno (1 example)
> Mulegns (1 example)
> Müstair (1 example)
> Nocara (1 example)
> Odolo (1 example)
> Olgiate Molgora (1 example)
> Olivetta S.Michele (1 example)
> Olivone (1 example)
> Oriolo (1 example)
> Orroli (1 example)
> Pagnona (1 example)
> Pallare (1 example)
> Passirano (1 example)
> Pescul (1 example)
> Pigna (1 example)
> Pinzano al Tagliamento (1 example)
> Piverone (1 example)
> Pomaretto (1 example)
> Pozzaglio (1 example)
> Pramollo (1 example)
> Revere (1 example)
> Rocca Imperiale (1 example)
> Rocchetta Nervina (1 example)
> Ro Ferrarese (1 example)
> Rontagnano (1 example)
> Rotondella (1 example)
> S.Angelo Lodigiano (1 example)
> Sartirana Lomellina (1 example)
> Sassello (1 example)
> S.Bartolomeo Pesio (1 example)
> S.Bellino (1 example)
> Scuol (1 example)
> Sent (1 example)
> Settimo S.Pietro (1 example)
> S.Giorgio della Richinvelda (1 example)
> Sief (1 example)
> Siliqua (1 example)
> S.Maria Val Calanca (1 example)
> S.Mauro Pascoli (1 example)
> Soazza (1 example)
> Soglio (1 example)
> Solbiate Arno (1 example)
> S.Pietro in Campiano (1 example)
> S.Pietro in Casale (1 example)
> Strozza Valle Imagna (1 example)
> Travesio (1 example)
> Trepalle Livigno (1 example)
> Valsinni (1 example)
> Varese Ligure (1 example)
> Vedriano (1 example)
> Velo Veronese (1 example)
> Vezza d'Oglio (1 example)
> Vezzano sul Crostolo (1 example)
> Viano (1 example)
> Viguzzolo (1 example)
> Villareggia (1 example)
> Zernez (1 example)
> Zoldo Alto (1 example)

4.3.2. Analysis of the data

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4.3.3. "t" and "ts" reflexives

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> Canosa Sannita (1 example)
> Capracotta (1 example)
> Civitaluparella (1 example)
> Colledimacine (1 example)
> Guardiaregia (1 example)
> Guglionesi (1 example)
> Miranda (1 example)
> Montenerodomo (1 example)
> Monteroduni (1 example)
> Monte S.Angelo (1 example)
> Pastena (1 example)
> Poggio Imperiale (1 example)
> Roccasicura (1 example)
> S.Paolo di Civitate (1 example)
> S.Severo (1 example)
> Tufillo (1 example)
> Vastogirardi (1 example)
> Viticuso (1 example)
> Volturara Appula (1 example)
> Volturino (1 example)

4.4. Dative/locative and accusative/partitive combinations

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NO EXAMPLE AVAILABLE

4.4.1. Dative and accusative/partitive combinations

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Accettura (1 example)
> Agliano (1 example)
> Agnone (1 example)
> Albidona (1 example)
> Avigliano Umbro (1 example)
> Campli (1 example)
> Canosa Sannita (1 example)
> Capracotta (1 example)
> Civitaluparella (1 example)
> Colfosco (1 example)
> Colledimacine (1 example)
> Colle S.Lucia (1 example)
> Comeglians (1 example)
> Corte (1 example)
> Davoli (1 example)
> Filottrano (1 example)
> Forni di Sopra (1 example)
> Forni di Sotto (1 example)
> Gorgoglione (1 example)
> Guglionesi (1 example)
> La Pli de Mareo (1 example)
> Macchie Amelia (1 example)
> Montenerodomo (1 example)
> Pinzano al Tagliamento (1 example)
> Popoli (1 example)
> Senise (1 example)
> Teramo (1 example)
> Torricella Peligna (1 example)
> Travesio (1 example)
> Tufillo (1 example)
> Vagli Sopra (1 example)
> Verbicaro (1 example)

4.4.2. Accusative - dative type nexuses.

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Buggio (2 examples)
> Figarella (2 examples)
> Macà (3 examples)
> Munacia (3 examples)
> Olivetta S.Michele (2 examples)
> Pigna (2 examples)
> Quenza (3 examples)
> Sartè (3 examples)
> S.Nicolao (3 examples)
> Zonza (3 examples)

4.4.3. Specialized forms replacing the dative and accusative nexus

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Bastia (1 example)
> Firenze (1 example)
> Guardia Perticara (1 example)
> Mercatello sul Metauro (1 example)
> Monteguiduccio (1 example)
> Piobbico (1 example)
> Tavullia (1 example)
> Urbania (1 example)
> Urbino Torre S.Tommaso (1 example)

4.4.4. Coincidence of dative and locative in the same form

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Acerenza (1 example)
> Adrara S.Rocco (1 example)
> Agazzano (1 example)
> Aidone (1 example)
> Airole (1 example)
> Antona (1 example)
> Arquata Scrivia (1 example)
> Bagolino (1 example)
> Bedizzano (1 example)
> Belmonte Mezzagno (1 example)
> Bitetto (1 example)
> Boccioleto (1 example)
> Borghetto di Vara (1 example)
> Borghetto Lodigiano (1 example)
> Borgomanero (1 example)
> Bormio (1 example)
> Briga Novarese (1 example)
> Calascibetta (1 example)
> Campodolcino (1 example)
> Carrara (1 example)
> Casaccia (1 example)
> Casorezzo (1 example)
> Castellinaldo (1 example)
> Castiglione d'Adda (1 example)
> Chioggia (1 example)
> Cicognolo (1 example)
> Cirò Marina (1 example)
> Civate (1 example)
> Comacchio (1 example)
> Contursi (1 example)
> Cortemilia (1 example)
> Cravagliana (1 example)
> Dego (1 example)
> Felizzano (1 example)
> Filattiera (1 example)
> Finale Emilia (1 example)
> Foggia (1 example)
> Fontane (1 example)
> Fontanigorda (1 example)
> Forno Valle Strona (1 example)
> Garessio (1 example)
> Gerace (1 example)
> Giffoni (1 example)
> Gizzeria (1 example)
> Grumello del Monte (1 example)
> Incudine (1 example)
> Inveruno (1 example)
> Leonforte (1 example)
> Livo (1 example)
> Mandello (1 example)
> Margarita (1 example)
> Marsala (1 example)
> Martignana Po (1 example)
> Mesagne (1 example)
> Modena (1 example)
> Modica (1 example)
> Montaldo (1 example)
> Montalto Uffugo (1 example)
> Montebello Ionico (1 example)
> Montebruno (1 example)
> Monterosso Calabro (1 example)
> Montjovet (1 example)
> Odolo (1 example)
> Olgiate Molgora (1 example)
> Olivone (1 example)
> Orsara di Puglia (1 example)
> Oviglio (1 example)
> Pallare (1 example)
> Passirano (1 example)
> Piana Crixia (1 example)
> Platania (1 example)
> Pozzaglio (1 example)
> Pozzuoli (1 example)
> Premana (1 example)
> Putignano (1 example)
> Quarna Sotto (1 example)
> Revere (1 example)
> Ripacandida (1 example)
> Rocchetta Nervina (1 example)
> Ro Ferrarese (1 example)
> Saline Ioniche (1 example)
> S.Angelo Lodigiano (1 example)
> Sarre (1 example)
> Sartirana Lomellina (1 example)
> Sassello (1 example)
> S.Bartolomeo Pesio (1 example)
> S.Bellino (1 example)
> S.Benedetto Po (1 example)
> Seminara (1 example)
> S.Fratello (1 example)
> S.Giorgio della Richinvelda (1 example)
> S.Lorenzo del Vallo (1 example)
> S.Marco Argentano (1 example)
> S.Marco d'Alunzio (1 example)
> S.Maria a Vico (1 example)
> S.Maria Maggiore (1 example)
> S.Maria Val Calanca (1 example)
> S.Mauro Pascoli (1 example)
> S.Nazzaro Sesia (1 example)
> Soglio (1 example)
> Solbiate Arno (1 example)
> Sonnino (1 example)
> S.Pietro in Campiano (1 example)
> S.Pietro in Casale (1 example)
> Stienta (1 example)
> Strozza Valle Imagna (1 example)
> Tito (1 example)
> Trepalle Livigno (1 example)
> Tresivio (1 example)
> Tuenno (1 example)
> Vaglio Basilicata (1 example)
> Varese Ligure (1 example)
> Velo Veronese (1 example)
> Vezza d'Oglio (1 example)
> Vezzano sul Crostolo (1 example)
> Viguzzolo (1 example)
> Villa di Chiavenna (1 example)
> Villadoro (1 example)
> Villareggia (1 example)
> Volturara Appula (1 example)
> Zoldo Alto (1 example)

4.4.5. Specialized forms for dative/locative and accusative nexus

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> Cantoira (1 example)
> Cavergno (1 example)
> Coazze (1 example)
> Coimo Val Vigezzo (1 example)
> Lessolo (1 example)
> Masserano (1 example)
> Mercato Saraceno (1 example)
> Mezzenile (1 example)
> Moncalvo (1 example)
> Piverone (1 example)
> Pomaretto (1 example)
> Pramollo (1 example)
> Rontagnano (1 example)
> S.Agata Feltria (1 example)
> Traves (1 example)

4.4.6. Lexicalization of dative and partitive by the same form

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Alessandria del Carretto (1 example)
> Amendolara (1 example)
> Cersosimo (1 example)
> Colobraro (1 example)
> Lecce (1 example)
> Melissano (1 example)
> Nocara (1 example)
> Oriolo (1 example)
> Orsomarso (1 example)
> Terranova Pollino (1 example)
> Valsinni (1 example)

4.4.7. Lexicalization of dative by the clitic "si"

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Arena (1 example)
> S.Agata del Bianco (1 example)

4.5. Mutual exclusion between dative and accusative

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NO EXAMPLE AVAILABLE

4.5.1. Reduction of dative-accusative/partitive nexus to a single clitic

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Aliano (1 example)
> Borgo Velino (1 example)
> Cagnano Amiterno (1 example)
> Celle S.Vito (1 example)
> Figarella (1 example)
> Grottaglie (1 example)
> Iacurso (1 example)
> Martina Franca (1 example)
> Mascioni (1 example)
> Miglionico (1 example)
> Monteparano (1 example)
> Stigliano (1 example)

4.5.2. The use of "ne" instead of dative in nexuses with accusative/partitive

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Carmiano (1 example)
> Copertino (1 example)
> Giurdignano (1 example)
> Laino Borgo (1 example)
> Minervino Murge (1 example)
> Montemilone (1 example)
> Morano Calabro (1 example)
> Nociglia (1 example)
> Novoli (1 example)
> Rocca Imperiale (1 example)
> Rotondella (1 example)

4.5.3. The use of "ci" instead of dative in nexuses with accusative/partitive

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Bellona (1 example)
> Bisceglie (1 example)
> Bosa (2 examples)
> Breme (1 example)
> Camerota (1 example)
> Canosa di Puglia (1 example)
> Castelsardo (1 example)
> Castelvecchio Subequo (1 example)
> Celle di Bulgheria (1 example)
> Frigento (1 example)
> Gallo Matese (1 example)
> Galtellì (1 example)
> Guardiaregia (1 example)
> Ittiri (2 examples)
> Luras (1 example)
> Marzano Appio (1 example)
> Miranda (1 example)
> Molfetta (1 example)
> Monteroduni (1 example)
> Monte S.Angelo (1 example)
> Morcone (1 example)
> Padria (2 examples)
> Pastena (1 example)
> Poggio Imperiale (1 example)
> Pontecorvo (1 example)
> Roccasicura (1 example)
> Ruvo di Puglia (1 example)
> Sassari (1 example)
> Secinaro (1 example)
> S.Fili (1 example)
> S.Gregorio Matese (1 example)
> Siniscola (2 examples)
> S.Pietro a Maida (1 example)
> S.Severo (1 example)
> S.Teresa di Gallura (1 example)
> S.Vittore (1 example)
> Tempio Pausania (1 example)
> Torre Orsaia (1 example)
> Trinità d'Agultu (1 example)
> Umbriatico (1 example)
> Vastogirardi (1 example)
> Viticuso (1 example)
> Volturino (1 example)

4.5.4. Alternation between two forms of dative and/or locative

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Cerano (1 example)
> Galliate (1 example)
> Romentino (1 example)
> Trecate (1 example)

4.5.5. The use of "si" instead of dative in nexuses with accusative/partitive

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Allai (1 example)
> Ardauli (1 example)
> Belvì (1 example)
> Dorgali (1 example)
> Gavoi (1 example)
> Laconi (1 example)
> Orroli (1 example)
> Paulilatino (1 example)
> Settimo S.Pietro (1 example)
> Siliqua (1 example)

4.5.6. Lexicalization of gender and number in dative-accusative nexuses

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Ardauli (1 example)
> Bosa (1 example)
> Donat (1 example)
> Dorgali (1 example)
> Galtellì (1 example)
> Laconi (1 example)
> Luras (1 example)
> Maglie (1 example)
> Mulegns (1 example)
> Müstair (1 example)
> Orroli (1 example)
> Padria (1 example)
> Paulilatino (1 example)
> Scuol (1 example)
> Sent (1 example)
> Siliqua (1 example)
> Zernez (1 example)

4.5.7. Reduced clitic strings

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4.5.8. Lexical arguments and cases

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4.6. Interactions between object clitics and subject clitics

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NO EXAMPLE AVAILABLE

4.6.1. Complementary distribution between 3p object clitic and 3p subject clitic

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Forni di Sopra (1 example)
> Forni di Sotto (1 example)
> Livo (1 example)
> S.Giorgio della Richinvelda (1 example)
> Tavullia (1 example)
> Tuenno (1 example)

4.6.2. Complementary distribution between 3p object clitic and 3p subject clitic with the appearance of special accusative forms

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Agazzano (1 example)
> Antona (1 example)
> Boccioleto (1 example)
> Borghetto Lodigiano (1 example)
> Bormio (1 example)
> Breme (1 example)
> Briga Novarese (1 example)
> Casaccia (1 example)
> Casorezzo (1 example)
> Castiglione d'Adda (1 example)
> Cataeggio (1 example)
> Celle S.Vito (1 example)
> Chiesa Val Malenco (1 example)
> Civate (1 example)
> Como (1 example)
> Cravagliana (1 example)
> Fara Novarese (1 example)
> Forno Valle Strona (1 example)
> Grumello del Monte (1 example)
> Inveruno (1 example)
> Mandello (1 example)
> Masserano (1 example)
> Moncalvo (1 example)
> Olgiate Molgora (1 example)
> Pinzano al Tagliamento (1 example)
> Piverone (1 example)
> Premana (1 example)
> Quarna Sopra (1 example)
> S.Angelo Lodigiano (1 example)
> Sartirana Lomellina (1 example)
> S.Nazzaro Sesia (1 example)
> Soglio (1 example)
> Solbiate Arno (1 example)
> Strozza Valle Imagna (1 example)
> Travesio (1 example)
> Vagli Sopra (1 example)
> Villa di Chiavenna (1 example)

4.6.3. Generalized complementary distribution between subject clitics and object clitics (with or without special accusative forms)

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NO EXAMPLE AVAILABLE

4.6.4. Special accusative forms in the absence of complementary distribution phenomena

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> Cicognolo (1 example)
> Finale Emilia (1 example)
> Modena (1 example)
> Pozzaglio (1 example)
> Revere (1 example)
> S.Benedetto Po (1 example)
> Villareggia (1 example)

4.6.5. Complementary distribution with the negative clitic (and generalized complementary distribution between object clitic and subject clitic)

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Agliano (1 example)
> Antona (1 example)
> Gorfigliano (1 example)
> Roggio (1 example)
> S.Giorgio della Richinvelda (1 example)
> Soglio (1 example)
> Tavullia (1 example)
> Vagli Sopra (1 example)

4.6.6. Complementary distribution between subject clitic P and reflexive object clitic

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> Agliano (1 example)
> Castelletto Merli (1 example)
> Castellinaldo (1 example)
> Celle S.Vito (1 example)
> Cicognolo (1 example)
> Colfosco (1 example)
> Cortemilia (1 example)
> Faeto (1 example)
> Guardia Piemontese (1 example)
> Margarita (1 example)
> Moncalvo (1 example)
> Oviglio (1 example)
> Piana Crixia (1 example)
> Pozzaglio (1 example)
> Roggio (1 example)
> S.Bartolomeo Pesio (1 example)
> Serole (1 example)
> Spigno Monferrato (1 example)
> Tetti (1 example)
> Traves (1 example)
> Vedriano (1 example)

4.7. Other interactions involving 3p clitics

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NO EXAMPLE AVAILABLE

4.7.1. Interactions between contextually restricted subject clitics and object clitics

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Airole (1 example)
> Ala di Stura (1 example)
> Borghetto di Vara (1 example)
> Castellinaldo (1 example)
> Cuneo (1 example)
> Dego (1 example)
> Dronero (1 example)
> Fontane (1 example)
> Fontanigorda (1 example)
> Lessolo (1 example)
> Margarita (1 example)
> Montaldo (1 example)
> Montebruno (1 example)
> Montjovet (1 example)
> Pallare (1 example)
> Pigna (1 example)
> Piverone (1 example)
> Pomaretto (1 example)
> Prali (1 example)
> Pramollo (1 example)
> Rocchetta Nervina (1 example)
> Varese Ligure (1 example)
> Villareggia (1 example)

4.7.2. Analysis of the data

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NO EXAMPLE AVAILABLE

4.7.3. Interactions between object clitics

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Alfonsine (1 example)
> Mercato Saraceno (1 example)
> S.Pietro in Campiano (1 example)

4.7.4. Exclusion of subject clitics with P denotation

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> Ala di Stura (1 example)
> Cantoira (1 example)
> Coazze (1 example)
> Mezzenile (1 example)
> Sarre (1 example)
> Traves (1 example)

4.7.5. Dialects without interactions between subject and object clitics, or between clitics in general

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> Cavergno (1 example)
> Chioggia (1 example)

4.8. Co-occurrence restrictions on non-accusative clitics

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> Bedizzano (1 example)
> Borghetto di Vara (1 example)
> Celle di Bulgheria (1 example)
> Colonnata (1 example)
> Comacchio (1 example)
> Filattiera (2 examples)
> Finale Emilia (1 example)
> Fontanigorda (1 example)
> Masi Torello (2 examples)
> Modena (2 examples)
> Revere (1 example)
> Ro Ferrarese (1 example)
> S.Benedetto Po (1 example)
> S.Marco Argentano (1 example)
> S.Maria a Vico (1 example)
> S.Mauro Pascoli (1 example)
> Stienta (1 example)
> Varese Ligure (1 example)
> Vedriano (1 example)
> Velo Veronese (1 example)
> Vezza d'Oglio (1 example)

4.8.1. Combinations of two P, Loc, or "si" clitics

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> Arquata Scrivia (1 example)
> Borghetto di Vara (1 example)
> Breme (2 examples)
> Casaccia (1 example)
> Corte (1 example)
> Filottrano (1 example)
> Firenze (1 example)
> Fontanigorda (1 example)
> Gorfigliano (1 example)
> Laino Borgo (1 example)
> Mezzenile (1 example)
> Modena (3 examples)
> Monteroduni (1 example)
> Olivone (1 example)
> Piverone (1 example)
> Quarna Sopra (1 example)
> Revere (1 example)
> S.Benedetto Po (2 examples)
> Serole (1 example)
> S.Nazzaro Sesia (2 examples)
> Stienta (1 example)
> Teramo (1 example)
> Varese Ligure (1 example)
> Verbicaro (1 example)
> Vezzano sul Crostolo (2 examples)
> Zoldo Alto (1 example)

4.8.2. Locative-type clitics with the auxiliary

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> Africo (1 example)
> Campli (1 example)
> Cavergno (1 example)
> Cicognolo (1 example)
> Cortemilia (1 example)
> Finale Emilia (1 example)
> Gerace (1 example)
> Longare (1 example)
> Modena (1 example)
> Montebello Ionico (1 example)
> Passirano (1 example)
> Pozzaglio (1 example)
> S.Agata del Bianco (1 example)
> Saguedo (1 example)
> S.Bellino (1 example)
> S.Benedetto del Tronto (1 example)
> S.Maria di Sala (1 example)
> Stienta (1 example)

4.9. Prepositional objects and other prepositional complements

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> Accettura (2 examples)
> Acerenza (1 example)
> Aidone (2 examples)
> Albano di Lucania (1 example)
> Albidona (2 examples)
> Aliano (2 examples)
> Alimena (2 examples)
> Amendolara (3 examples)
> Apecchio (1 example)
> Arbus (1 example)
> Arena (1 example)
> Avigliano Umbro (1 example)
> Belvì (1 example)
> Borbona (1 example)
> Borghetto di Vara (1 example)
> Borghetto Lodigiano (1 example)
> Borgorose Spedino (1 example)
> Buonabitacolo (1 example)
> Cagnano Amiterno (1 example)
> Calascibetta (1 example)
> Camerota (2 examples)
> Canosa di Puglia (2 examples)
> Canosa Sannita (1 example)
> Caraffa (1 example)
> Casaccia (1 example)
> Casorezzo (1 example)
> Castellinaldo (1 example)
> Castelsardo (1 example)
> Castiglione d'Adda (1 example)
> Celle di Bulgheria (1 example)
> Chioggia (1 example)
> Cirò Marina (1 example)
> Coazze (1 example)
> Coimo Val Vigezzo (1 example)
> Colledimacine (2 examples)
> Colle S.Lucia (1 example)
> Colobraro (2 examples)
> Conflenti (1 example)
> Cortemilia (1 example)
> Cravagliana (1 example)
> Dorgali (1 example)
> Figarella (1 example)
> Filattiera (1 example)
> Filottrano (1 example)
> Firenze (1 example)
> Gallo Matese (1 example)
> Galtellì (1 example)
> Gerace (1 example)
> Giovinazzo (1 example)
> Gorgoglione (2 examples)
> Guardia Perticara (2 examples)
> Iacurso (2 examples)
> Ittiri (1 example)
> Laconi (2 examples)
> Livo (1 example)
> Macà (1 example)
> Mandello (2 examples)
> Mascioni (1 example)
> Masi Torello (1 example)
> Mercatello sul Metauro (2 examples)
> Mercato Saraceno (1 example)
> Miglionico (1 example)
> Mineo (1 example)
> Minervino Murge (2 examples)
> Miranda (1 example)
> Modena (2 examples)
> Modica (1 example)
> Molfetta (1 example)
> Monteguiduccio (1 example)
> Montemilone (2 examples)
> Montereale Valcellina (1 example)
> Monterosso Calabro (1 example)
> Montjovet (1 example)
> Morano Calabro (1 example)
> Munacia (2 examples)
> Müstair (1 example)
> Nocara (1 example)
> Orroli (1 example)
> Paulilatino (2 examples)
> Pescul (1 example)
> Petriano (1 example)
> Pieve S.Lorenzo (1 example)
> Pinzano al Tagliamento (1 example)
> Piobbico (2 examples)
> Platania (1 example)
> Rocca Imperiale (1 example)
> Roccasicura (1 example)
> Rocchetta Nervina (1 example)
> Roggio (1 example)
> Rontagnano (1 example)
> Rotondella (1 example)
> S.Agata del Bianco (1 example)
> S.Agata Feltria (3 examples)
> Sartè (1 example)
> Sassari (1 example)
> S.Bartolomeo Pesio (1 example)
> S.Benedetto Po (1 example)
> Scuol (1 example)
> Senise (2 examples)
> Sent (1 example)
> S.Giorgio del Sannio (1 example)
> Siniscola (1 example)
> S.Mauro Pascoli (1 example)
> S.Nazzaro Sesia (1 example)
> Soazza (1 example)
> Sperlinga (1 example)
> S.Pietro a Maida (1 example)
> S.Severo (1 example)
> S.Vittore (1 example)
> Taranto (1 example)
> Tavullia (1 example)
> Tempio Pausania (1 example)
> Terranova Pollino (1 example)
> Tito (1 example)
> Torricella Peligna (2 examples)
> Travesio (1 example)
> Trinità d'Agultu (1 example)
> Trivigno (1 example)
> Tuenno (1 example)
> Urbino Torre S.Tommaso (1 example)
> Vagli Sopra (1 example)
> Varese Ligure (1 example)
> Viguzzolo (1 example)
> Villareggia (1 example)
> Zernez (1 example)
> Zonza (1 example)

4.9.1. Different systems of preposition lexicalization

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Accettura (1 example)
> Aidone (1 example)
> Avigliano Umbro (1 example)
> Canosa di Puglia (1 example)
> Gravina (1 example)
> Macchie Amelia (1 example)
> Martina Franca (1 example)
> Mercatello sul Metauro (1 example)
> Mercato Saraceno (1 example)
> Miglionico (1 example)
> Minervino Murge (1 example)
> Piobbico (1 example)
> Rontagnano (1 example)
> S.Agata Feltria (1 example)
> Sperlinga (1 example)
> Tavullia (1 example)
> Urbania (1 example)

4.9.2. "Loismo" and "leismo"

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EXAMPLES BY DIALECT

> Albano di Lucania (1 example)
> Amendolara (1 example)
> Briga Novarese (1 example)
> Buonabitacolo (1 example)
> Camerota (1 example)
> Canosa di Puglia (1 example)
> Capracotta (1 example)
> Casorezzo (1 example)
> Castelsardo (1 example)
> Celle di Bulgheria (1 example)
> Conflenti (1 example)
> Dorgali (1 example)
> Galtellì (1 example)
> Gorgoglione (1 example)
> Guardia Perticara (1 example)
> Laconi (1 example)
> Mandello (1 example)
> Nocara (1 example)
> Sartè (1 example)
> Sassari (1 example)
> Senise (1 example)
> S.Lorenzo del Vallo (1 example)
> S.Marco Argentano (1 example)
> S.Nazzaro Sesia (1 example)
> S.Pietro a Maida (1 example)
> S.Severo (1 example)
> S.Vittore (1 example)
> Tempio Pausania (1 example)
> Trecate (1 example)
> Zonza (1 example)

4.10. Conclusions

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NO EXAMPLE AVAILABLE